Lessons

    Atoms, ions & valency
    0-PART-1 
    Writing of formulas and counting of atoms in molecule
    0-PART-2 
    Revision of formulas - Writing of formulas and counting of atoms in molecule
    0-PART-3 
    0-RND 
      • assets/img/33c57c.png   Notes
      What is Chemical Reaction? and Writing Equation
      1-PART-1 
      Types of Chemical Reactions
      1) Combination Reaction
      2) Decomposition Reaction
      1-PART-2 
      Types of Chemical Reactions
      3) Displacement Reaction
      4) Double Displacement Reaction,
      Difference between Displacement & Double Displacement Reaction,
      5) Redox Reaction = Oxidation + Reduction
      1-PART-3 
      Effect of Oxidation reaction in everyday life.
      Corrosion & Prevention
      Rancidity & Prevention
      Corrosion & Rancidity Difference
      1-PART-4 
      CHP 1 PRACTICE SHEET 1
      1-PART-5 
      1-TEST-18-07-2021 
      1-X-GOOGLE-MEET 
        • readme.txt readme1.txt   Video
        1-TEST-01-08-2021 
          Acid Base & Salt Defination With Examples
          Acide & Base Difference
          Indicators Defination & Acid Base Indicators - Litmus / Phenolpthalein / Methyl Orange / Olfactory indicators
          Aqueous Solution(water) & Alkali (water soluble base)
          2-PART-1 
            • assets/img/33c57c.png   Notes
            • readme.txt   Video
          Chemical Properties of Acids
          1) Metal + Acid ---> Salt + H2(g)
          Displacement Reaction
          2) Metal Carbonate or Metal Hydrogen Carbonate + Acid -> Salt + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
          3) Acid + Base ---> Salt + H2O(l)
          Double Displacement Reaction
          Neutralization Reaction
          4) Non-metallic Oxide + Base ---> Salt + H2O(l)
          Non-metallic Oxide acts as Acidic Oxide or Acidic in Nature
          5) Acid + Metal Oxide -> Salt + H2O(l)
          Double Displacement Reaction
          Metal Oxide are Basic in nature
          2-PART-2 
          Activity1: Learn Electrolytes & Non Electrolytes with help of activity
          Electrolytes Non Electrolytes
          Solution Which conduct Electricity Solution Which do not conduct Electricity
          Electrolytes contains ions Non Electrolytes do not contain ions
          Good conductor of electricity Do not conduct or bad conductor of electricity
          ex. NaCl Solution ,Dilute HCL ,Rain Water , Tab Water ,NAOH ex. Gulcose Solution Alcohol Solution Distill Water
          Electrolytes are of two types
          Strong Electrolytes Weak Electrolytes
          Electrolytes that contain many ions are called strong electrolytes Electrolytes that contain few ions are called weak electrolytes
          ex. NaCl, HCL, NAOH ex. acetic acid, carbonic acid
          Activity Conculsion: Ions must be Present in solution for it to conduct electricity

          Activity2: Acidic Nature of Solutons
          When solution of NaCl & Sulphuric acid are mixed hydrogen chloride gas is produced.

          NaCl + H2SO4 --> Na2SO4 + HCL

          This HCL gas is allowed to pass over
          Dry blue litmus - does not turn red
          Wet blue litmas - turns red

          Activity Conculsion: Acids shows their acidic property (turning blue litmus red) only in presence of water
          In presence of water, H+ ions are seperated from acid molecules

          HCl(g) + H2O(l) --> H(aq)+ + Cl(aq)-

          H+ ions cannot exists alone. They combine with water molecules to form hydonium ions. (H3O+)

          H(aq)+ + H2O(l) --> H3O+

          Acid are substances that produces H+ ions or H3O+ ions

          Simillary Alkali's base produce OH- ions in aqueous solution
          2-PART-3 
            • assets/img/33c57c.png assets/img/33c57c.png   Notes
            • readme.txt   Video
          Dilution & Method to dilute an acid, Strength of Acids or Bases, pH AND pH SCALE

          Dilution - is the process in which an acid or base is mixed with water.
          Dilution results in decrese in number of ions (H+ or OH-) per unit volume

          Method to dilute an acid - Add acid to water dropwise with constant stirring
          This is because (give reason)
          1)Reaction of acid with water is exothermic & can cause acid mixture to splash out, causing acid burns
          2)Due to local heating glass beaker can break causing accidents in laboratory

          Strength of Acids or Bases - depends on number of H+ ions or OH- ions in solution
          Strong acid or base Weak acid or base
          Are those susbstance which produces large number of ions in solution Are those susbstance which produces less/few number of ions in solution
          Strong acid ex. HCL, H2SO4, HNO3 Weak acid ex citric acid, lactic acid, acetic acid, carbonic acid, phosphorice acid.
          Strong base ex NAOH, KOH, CA(OH)2 Weak base ex Mg(OH)2, NH4OH, AL(OH)3
          Strong bases are highely corrosive We can consume Weak acid

          Universal indicators are mixtues of serveral indicators & shows different colors when the concentration of H+ ions are different.
          To find the strength of acid or base, we can use Universal Indicators. ex.pH paper
          Universal indicator are better then acid-base indicators (give reason)
          beacuse they help to find the strenght of acid.
          pH scale:is a scale to measure the H+ ions concentation in solution.
          More the H+ ions lower the pH value.
          pH: pH is Number which indicates if a solution is acidic or basic
          • pH = 7 neutral solution
          • pH < 7 acidic solution
          • pH > 7 alkali solution
          2-PART-4 
          Importance of pH in everyday life

          • Are plants and animals pH sensitive
          • What is pH of soil
          • pH of our digestive
          • pH change as cause of tooth decay
          • Self defence by animal & plants
          Note:-
          Natural Source Acid
          Vinegar acetic acid
          Orange, lemon citrc acid
          Tamarind Tartaric acid
          Sour milk lactic acid
          Tomato oxalic acid
          Ant sting, Nettle Sting Methanoic acid
          2-PART-5 
            • assets/img/33c57c.png assets/img/33c57c.png   Notes
            • readme.txt   Video
          More about Salts
          Family of Salts
          pH OF SALT SOLUTIONS

          Salt Defination
          Family Of Salts Defination - Salt with same cation or same anion are said to beloung to same family.

          • Family of chloride - KCl, NaCl, CaCl2
          • Family of carbonate - CaCO3, Na2CO3, ZnCO3
          • Family of Sodium - NaCl, NaNO3, Na2CO3
          • Family of calcium - CaCl2, Ca(NO3)2, CaCO3
          Salts are ontained by neutralising acids by base. Aqueous salt solution may be acidic, basic or neutral.
          Strong acid Strong base
          • HCL
          • H2SO4
          • HNO3
          • NAOH
          • KOH
          • CaOH2
          Weak acid Waek base
          • H2CO3
          • CH3COOH
          • H3PO4
          • MG(OH)2
          • AL(OH)3
          • CUO
          • Salts of strong acids & strong base are neutral. ex. NaCl, KI, KNO3 (pH = 7)
          • Salts of strong base & weak acid are alkaline ex. Na2CO3, NaHCO3, CH3COONa Sodium acetate (pH > 7)
          • Salts of strong acids & weak base are acidic ex.CaSO4, NH4Cl ex.(pH < 7)


          Chemicals from Common Salt - Sea water contains many salts. NaCl can be seperated from these salts
          Deposit of NaCl can be found inside this earths as brown crystals called rock salt.
          Rock Salt is brown due to impurities present in it
          Rock Salt is mined from earth.
          Common Salt can be prepared by neutralising HCL & NAOH
          HCL + NAOH ---> NaCl + H2O
          Common salt is raw material for many-substances that we use in daily life.
          NAOH - Sodium Hydroxide
          • Sodium Hydroxide is obtained by chlor-alkali process
          • Chlor-alkali process is a process in whihc electricity is passed through brine (aqueous solution of NaCl)
          • When current is passed, solution of NaCl decomposes to form H2(g) at cathode & Cl2 gas at anode and soluton of NaOH(aq) near cathod
          • NaCl + H2O ----electricity----> H2 + Cl2 + NaOH
          Bleaching Powder (CaOCl2)
          It is prepared by the action of Cl2(g) on dry slaked lime
          Cl2 + Ca(OH)2 --> CaOCl2 + H2O
          Used
          • Bleaching Powder
          • Oxidising agent
          • Disinfect water
          Baking Soda
          Washing Soda
          2-PART-6 
          Water of Crystalisation

          Water of Crystalisation: It is the fixed number of water molecules present in one formula unit of salt.
          Ex.of Hydrated Salt
          • CuSO4.5H2O - Blue
          • FeSO4.7H2O - Green
          • Na2CO3.10H2O - Washing Soda
          • CaSO4.2H2O - Gypsum
          • CuSO4.1/2H2O - Plater of Paris
          Activity: Dry test tube and add Few Crystal of CuSO4. Heat crystal of CuSO4. Observation:
          • Water droplets appears on the cooler sides of testtube.
          • Inferance:
            • This indicates the crystals of CuSO4 contains water molecules (water of crystallisation)
            • Blue crystal turns white
            • Crystal turns in to white powder
            Test tube containing white powder of CuSO4 is allowed to cool. And once it cools down to room temp. Add 2 drops of water to this powder Observation:
            • White powder turns into blue crystal
            Inferance:
            • Water of crystallisation is responible for the blue color of crystals & for its crystaline nature
            • Water of crystallization is lost on heating and absorbed by crystal when adiquite amount of water is added.
            Plater of Paris or Calcium sulphate hemihydrate:- CaSo4.1/2H2O
            It is prepared by heating gypsum at 373K, it loosed its water of crystallisation and turns in to POP
            CaSO4.2H2O --> CaSo4.1/2H2O + 1.1/2H2O
            In POP, 2 units of salt and one molecule of H20 Heat Gypsum --> Plaster of Paris --> Add adiquite amount of water --> Gypsum back. Used of Plater of Paris
          • Used by doctors to set fracture bones in place
          • Toys, statutes, material for decoration
          • To make surface smooth
          Qestion Plater of paris should not be exposed to moist air or POP must be stored in airtight container
          Plater of paris will abosrbs moisture from air and absorns water molecules equal to water of crystallisation and solidifies into a hard mass of gypsum. Hence POP is stored in air tight container or not exposed to moist air

          Qestion Why to doctor use Plater of paris to set fracture bones in place
          When Plater of paris is mixed with adiquite amount of water it gains water of crystallisation & solidifies into hard mass of gypsum.
          CaSo4.1/2H2O + 1.1/2H2O --> CaSO4.2H2O
          2-PART-7 
          2-X-GOOGLE-MEET 
            Physical properties of metals
            Metal and Non-Metal Difference
            Allotropes Defination with ex.
            3-PART-1 
              • assets/img/33c57c.png assets/img/33c57c.png assets/img/33c57c.png   Notes
              • readme.txt   Video
            Chemical Properties Of Metals
            1) Reaction with air - Metal + Oxygen -> MetalOxide
            • Metal Oxide are basic & insoluble in water. Alkali is water soluble base
            • Amphoteric Oxide - reacts with both acid and base to form salt & water
              eg. Al2O3, ZnO
            2) Reaction with Water - Metal + Water -> MetalOxide + H2(g)
            3) Reaction with acid - Metal + Acid -> Salt + H2
            4) Metal displacement reaction
            5) Reactivity Series or Activity Series Defination
            1. K
            2. Na
            3. Ca
            4. Mg
            5. Al
            6. Zn
            7. Pb
            8. H
            9. Cu
            10. Hg
            11. Ag
            12. Au
            13. Pt
            3-PART-2 
            Electrovalent Compound or Ionic Compound - Compounds formed by transfer of electrons from metal to non-metal
            Properties of Ionic Compound
            • Ionic Compound are hard - Give Reason - there exists strong force of attraction between the ions
            • Ionic Solids have high melting points - Give Reason
            • Ionic Compound dissolve in water but do not dissolve in kerosine or petrol
            • Ionic Compound are poor conductor in solid state - Give Reason
            • Ionic Compound are good conductor of electricity in aqueous solution - Give Reason
            • Ionic Compound are good conductor of electricity in molten state - Give Reason
            3-PART-3 
            Occurence of Metals
            Minerals & Ore Difference
            Metallurgy Defination - Process of extraction of metal from its ore
            • Metals at the bottom of activity series which are least reactive are found in free state in nature
            • Highly reactive metals are never found in free state in nature
            • Moderate reactive elements like Zn, Fe, Pb, are found in the form of Oxides, sulphides or carbonates
            • Oxide ore are more common because oxygen is a very reactive element & combines with all elements & it is abundant in nature
            Steps involved in Metallurgy
            1) Enrichment of ore
            2) The ore is converted in to oxide form by process of Roasting or Calcination
            3) Reduction of ore
            • Metals which are highely reactive like - K, Na, Mg, Ca, Al are reduced by electrolysis of molten ore
            • Moderate reactive metals - Zn, Fe which are highely reactive are obtain by reducing their ores by reducing agents like Coke(C) or metal
            • Least reactive metals - Ag, Hg are obtained by thermal decomposition of ore
            4)Refining or purification of extracted metal.

            Gangue Defination
            Roasting & Calcination Difference
            3-PART-4 
            3-PART-5 
            Corresion - Oxidation of metal in presence of air & moisture
            Examples of Corrision
            • Iron exposed to air - turns into brown flaky substance called rust
            • Silver articles becoms black due to reaction with sulphur forming silver sulphide
            • Copper reacts with moist CO2 in presence of air & form green coat of copper carbonate
            Prevewntion of Corrosion
            • Oling , greasing, painting
            • Galvanisation -coating iron articles with a layer of Zn.
              Note:- Zn is more reactive then Iron Hence Protects iron from rusting even if coating is broken
            • Anodising - Coating with aluminium oxide
            • Chrome Plating
            3-PART-6 
              • assets/img/33c57c.png assets/img/33c57c.png assets/img/33c57c.png   Notes
              • readme.txt   Video
            3-X-GOOGLE-MEET 
            3-X-TEST 
              • assets/img/33c57c.png   Notes
              Bonding in Carbon - Carbon has Atomic number 6, electronic configuration (2,4)

              • Gain 4e - -- If carbon gains 4e - then it forms anion ( C-4 ) with 6 protons and 10 electrons. and it is difficult for 6 protons to hold 10 electrons
              • Loose 4e - -- If carbon looses 4e - then it forms cation ( C+4 ). But a large amount of energy is required to remove 4e - from its outermost shell. Hence carbon cannot loose 4 4e -
              • Carbon attains noble gas configration by sharing electrons ( e - ) with other elements.
              • Covalent bond defination
              • Difference beterrn Electrovalent or Ionic compounds & Covalent compounds
              4-PART-1 
                • assets/img/33c57c.png assets/img/33c57c.png assets/img/33c57c.png   Notes
                • readme.txt   Video
              Covalent compounds Defination

              Types of covalent Bounds

              • Single covalent bond
              • Double covalent bond
              • Triple covalent bond
              Electron dot diagrams

              • Hydrogen molecule - H2
              • Oxygen molecule - O2
              • Nitrogen molecule - N2
              • Chlorine molecule - Cl2
              • Amonia molecule - NH3
              • Methane molecule - CH4
              4-PART-2 
              Allotropes of Carbon defination

              Carbon Allotropes Examples

              • Diamond
              • Graphide
              • Coal, Charcoal, Coke
              • Fullerene

              Versalite nature of Carbon

              • Catenation - is the ability of carbon atom to form bonds with carbon atom. Due to Catenation, carbon atoms can form Long carbon chains,Branched chain or rings of carbon atoms
                • Saturated Compounds - Compounds of carbocn with single covalent bond
                • UnSaturated Compounds - Compounds of carbocn with double covalent bond or triple covalent bond
              • Tetravalency - Carbon has 4e- in last shell, which it can share with carbon atoms or other monovalent atoms.
                Note: carbon can also bond with oxygen, suplher, chlorine, nitrogen
              4-PART-3-AND-4 
              Hydrocarbons - are compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms in the molecule.
              ex. CH4



              Draw for the following for the Hydrocarbons given in table

              • Molecular Formula
              • Structural Formula
              • Condensed Formula
              Hydrocarbons
              n Alkane
              CnH2n+2
              Alkene
              CnH2n
              Alkyne
              CnH2n-2
              1 Methane - -
              2 Ethane Ethene Ethyne
              3 Propane Propene Propyne
              4 Butane Butene Butyne e
              n-butane
              iso-butane
              n-butene
              iso-butene
              n-butyne
              iso-butyne
              5 Pentane Pentene Pentyne
              n-pentane
              iso-pentane
              neo-pentane
              n-pentene
              iso-pentene
              neo-pentene
              n-pentyne
              iso-pentyne
              neo-pentyne

              Isomers - are compounds having same molecular formula but different structural formula.

              Ring hydrocarbon

              • Cyclohexane
              • Benzene
              4-PART-5-AND-6 
              Heteroatom - is an element that replaces H-atom (hydrogen atom) in hydrocarbon.
              Cl, N, O, S

              Functional Group - is a heteroatom or group containing heteroatom which gives specific properties to compound, regardless of length and nature of carbon chain

              Homologous compound - is a series of compounds in which same functional group substitutes for hydrogen in carbon chain



              Nomenclature of carbon Compounds - rules used to write carbon Compounds

              To write Name or Structures of compounds



              Pentene
              Cyclohexane
              Ethanol
              Propanal
              Bromobutane
              Pentanone
              Butanoic acid
              Hexyne
              4-PART-7 
              4-PART-8 
                  PART-1 
                  PART-2 
                  PART-3 
                    • assets/img/33c57c.png assets/img/33c57c.png assets/img/33c57c.png   Notes
                    • resadme.txt   Video
                  PART-4 
                  PART-5 
                  X-GOOGLE-MEET 
                    • assets/img/33c57c.png   Notes
                    1-TEST-01-08-2021 
                      • assets/img/33c57c.png   Notes
                    6-X-GOOGLE-MEET 
                      • readme.txt   Video
                    DIAGRAMS 
                      7-PART-1 
                        • readme.txt   Video
                      7-PART-2 
                        • readme.txt   Video
                      7-PART-3 
                        • readme.txt   Video
                      7-PART-4 
                        • readme.txt   Video
                      7-PART-5-CHP 7 CONTROL AND COORDINATION - QUESTION AND ANSWER 
                        • readme.txt   Video
                        8-PART-1 
                        8-PART-2 
                        8-PART-3 
                        8-PART-4 
                          • assets/img/33c57c.png assets/img/33c57c.png   Notes
                        8-PART-5 
                          • assets/img/33c57c.png   Notes
                          • readme.txt   Video
                        8-X-8-GOOGLE-MEET 
                          • readme.txt   Video
                            Light Defination: is a form of energy which travels in a straight line
                            Reflection Of Light , Angle of incidence( i) and angle of reflection ( ∠r) Defination
                            Laws of reflection
                            • i = ∠r
                            • The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal to the mirror at the point of incidence, all lie at the same plane.
                            Characteristics of an image seen in a plane mirror
                            • Virtual and erect
                            • Size of image = size of object
                            • Size of image = size of object
                            • Lateral inversion (Left side of the image becomes right side of object)
                            Real Image and Virtual Image Difference
                            Spherical mirrors: mirrors whose reflecting surface is curved, are called spherical mirrors
                            Spherical mirrors are of 2 types
                            • Concave Mirrors
                            • Convex Mirrors
                            Terms involved:
                            • Pole (P)
                            • Centre of curvature (C)
                            • Radius of curvature (R)
                            • Principal axis
                            • Principal focus (F)
                              •       Of concave mirror
                              •       Of convex mirror
                            • Focal length (f)
                              • Relation between Radius of curvature and focal length R = 2f
                            • Aperture is the diameter of reflecting surface


                            Difference between Concave mirror and Convex mirror
                            10-PART-1 
                            Rules to draw ray diagrams:

                            1) A ray parallel to principal axis, after reflection

                            will pass through focus of concave mirroror appear to diverge from principal focus of convex mirror



                            2) A ray passing through principal focus

                            of concave mirror after reflection will emerge parallel to principal axis or a ray which is directed at principal focus of convex mirror after reflection will emerge parallel to principal axis

                            NOTE: Principal axis is considered to be perpendicular (normal) to spherical mirror at its pole



                            3) A ray passing through centre of curvature

                            of concave mirror after reflection is reflected along the same path.or directed in the direction of centre of curvature of convex mirror after reflection is reflected along the same path

                            Reason: This is because, the incident ray falls on mirror along the normal to reflecting surface



                            4) A ray incident obliquely to the principal axis towards the pole of concave or convex mirror is reflected obliquely such that the angle made by incident ray with principal axis and angle made by reflected ray with principal axis are equal

                            concave mirror
                            ∠i = ∠r
                            convex mirror
                            ∠i
                            = ∠r

                            10-PART-2 
                            adi 
                              • assets/img/33c57c.png   Notes
                            Ray diagram for concave mirror:



                            Ray diagram for convex mirror:



                            10-PART-3 
                            New Cartesian sign convention:

                            • In this convention, Pole (P) of spherical mirror is taken as origin.
                            • Principal axis is taken as x-axis
                            convention

                            • The object is always placed to left of mirror
                            • All distances parallel to principal axis are measured from the pole of the mirror
                            • All distances to the right of the origin are taken as positive values, but distances measured to the left of the origin are taken as negative value
                            • Distances measured perpendicular to and above the principal axis are taked as positive and distances perpendicular to and below the principal axis are taken as begative values
                            Mirror Formula

                            1 = 1 + 1 Where f- focal length,
                            V image distance from pole,
                            u - object distance from pole-
                            f v u

                            Magnification

                            • It is expressed as the ratio of height of image to height of object
                            m = h! = -v Where h! - height of image,
                            h - height of object
                            h u
                            10-PART-4 
                              • assets/img/33c57c.png assets/img/33c57c.png   Notes
                              • readme.txt   Video
                            Sign Convention Revision:

                            Focal length(f)
                            • Focal length(f) of concave mirror is -ve
                            • Focal length(f) of convex mirror is +ve
                            Magnification(m) or Nature of image
                            • If the magnification(m) is +ve, image is virtual, erect (note: virtual image is allways erect)
                            • If the magnification(m) is -ve, image is real, inverted (note: real images are allways inverted)
                            Object distance (u)
                            • Object distance is u is allways -ve
                            Height of Image (h!)
                            • If the Heigh of Image (h!) is +ve, then image is virtual, erect
                            • If the Heigh of Image (h!) is -ve, then image is real, inverted
                            Radius of curvature (R)
                            • R = 2f where f is focal length
                            10-PART-4-NUMERICAL BASED ON PART 4 
                              • assets/img/33c57c.png   Notes
                              • readme.txt   Video
                            adi 
                              • assets/img/33c57c.png   Notes
                            Refraction of Light Defination:

                            Refraction takes place when

                            • Medium are of different density
                            • When the ray of light is travelling Obliquely
                            • Medium should be transparent


                            Refraction seen in every day life. (Give reasons)

                            • In a Glass of water place a lemon. When observed lemon appears enlarge. Give Reason.
                              Because we are in air(rarer medium) and Lemon is in water(denser medium). When the ray of light travels from one medium to another which is transparent that time its pathway will change. This is called as refraction. due to this refraction we see the lemon enlarged
                            • In a Glass of water place a coin. When observed coin appears to raied. Give Reason
                              Because we are in air(rarer medium) and Coin is in water(denser medium). When the ray of light travels from one medium to another which is transparent that time its pathway will change. This is called as refraction. due to this refraction we see coin appears to raied
                            • Stand Near Swimming Pool, The Swimming pool appears shallow or Floor of Swimming pool appared to be raised. Give Reasone
                              Because we are in air(rarer medium) and Swimming pool floor is in water(denser medium). When the ray of light travels from one medium to another which is transparent that time its pathway will change. This is called as refraction. due to this refraction we see coin appears to raied
                            • In a Glass of water and dip penclip/spoon partly. When Obsered it appears penclip/spoon is bend. Give Reason
                              Because we are in air(rarer medium) and part of penclip/spoon is in water(denser medium). When the ray of light travels from one medium to another which is transparent that time its pathway will change. This is called as refraction. due to this refraction we see penclip/spoon appears to appears as bend
                            Difference Between Reflection and Refraction
                            Refraction revision

                            When ray of light travels, obliquely from
                            • Rarer to denser medium, it will bend towards the normal
                            • Denser to Rarer medium, it will bend away from normal
                            Note: Reflection also takes place due to change of speed of light as it enters into different transparent medium.
                            Speed of air or vaccum = 3x108 m/s

                            Laws of refraction:-

                            • The incident ray, the reflected ray and the Normal to the interface of 2 different media, at the point of incident, all lie in the same place
                            • Snell's law: The ratio of sin of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is a constant, for the light of given color and given pair of media

                              Sine i = constant    Where constant is
                              called refractive index(n)
                              Sine r
                            10-PART-5 
                            Refractive index defination:

                            Sine i = Refractive index(n)
                            Sine r

                            • Refractive index is a constant for a pair of medium
                            • Refractive index is also linked to the speed of light in that medium.
                            Refractive index of medium 2 with respect to medium 1
                            n21 = speed of light in medium 1
                            speed of light in medium 2

                            If medium 1 is air/vaccume then
                            Refractive index of medium(n) is
                            • nm = speed of light in air
                              speed of light in medium
                            • nm = C
                              V
                            • Note:- When we take the medium 1 as air/vaccume, the refractive index is called absolute refractive index of that media (nm) or (n2)
                            • Air has least refractive index
                              nair = 1.003
                            • Dimand has the highest refractive index
                              ndimand = 2.42
                            • ndimand = 2.42 is highest. This means when incident ray of light enters in to dimond it's speed is becomes least and it will bend the most which will cause it to shine. Hence it is used as Jewellery
                            10-PART-6 
                            Refraction by spherical lenses:
                            • Lense Defination
                            • Convex lense / Double convex lense Defination
                            • Concave lense / Double concave lense Defination
                            • Difference Between Convex lense & Concave lense
                            Terms Involved
                            • Center of curvature
                            • Principal axis
                            • Optical center
                            • Aperture
                            • Thin lenses
                            • Principal Focus
                            • Focal Lenfth
                            Convex lenses are converging lenses
                            Concave lenses are diverging lenses

                            • Lenses wil have two Principal foci (F1 & F2)
                            • Lenses wil have two Ceneter of curvature
                              (C1 & C2) or (2F1 & 2F2)
                            • For thin Lenses R=2f



                            10-PART-7 
                            Image Formation by lenses using Ray Diagram:

                            To locate the position of image we have to consider atleast two rays orignating from object.
                            Hence we learn the behaviour of rays in following cases.






                            Ray Diagram for Convex lenses

                            • Object at infinity
                            • Object beyond 2F1
                            • Object at 2F1
                            • Object between 2F1 & F1
                            • Object at F1
                            • Object between F1 & O
                            10-PART-8 
                            Position of image, nature & size in convex lense



                            Ray Diagram for Concave lenses(diverging lense)

                            • Object at infinity
                            • Object anywhere between infinity & Optical Center (O)


                            Lense Formula

                            1 = 1 - 1 Where f- focal length,
                            v image distance from optical center,
                            u - object distance from optical center-
                            f v u

                            Sign Convention
                            • For Convex lense, focal length +ve
                            • For Concave lense, focal length -ve
                            • Object distance u, is allways -ve

                            Magnification

                            • It is expressed as the ratio of height of image to height of object
                            • if m is +ve image is virtual
                            • if m is -ve image is real
                            m = h! = v Where h! - height of image,
                            h - height of object
                            h u


                            Note:
                            For Concave mirror & concave lense, f is -ve For Convex mirror & Convex lense, f is +ve
                            10-PART-9 
                            Power of lense Defination

                            P = 1 Where f is the focal length in meters
                            f
                            10-PART-X10 
                            10-X-GOOGLE-MEET 
                              • readme.txt   Video
                            10-Z-EXAM-18-09-2021 
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                            10-Z-RND 
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                              11-PART-1 
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                                • readme.txt   Video
                              11-PART-2 
                              11-PART-3 
                              11-PART-4 
                              11-PART-5 
                              11-X-GOOGLE MEET 
                                • assets/img/33c57c.png   Notes
                                • readme.txt   Video
                              11-X-TEST-25-09-2021 
                                adi 
                                  Electric Currrent and Circuit

                                  • Circuit - is a closed path in which charges flow (electric current flows)
                                  • Component of Circuit - blub, wire, key/switch & cell/battery
                                  • Circuit diagram -
                                  • Open Circuit & Close Circuit difference
                                  Current (A) - is the rate of flow of charge

                                  • Current     =     Charge                   I     =     Q    
                                        Time                  t    
                                  • SI Unit of current is - Ampere (A)
                                  • 1 Ampere - is the electric current constituted by the flow of 1 Coulomb of charge in 1 second
                                  • Ammmeter is an instrument that measures the current flowing in circuit
                                  • Ammmeter is allways connected in series to device
                                  • Electrons flow from negative terminal(-ve) to positive terminal (+ve)
                                  Potential difference (V) - is the work done to move a unit charge from one point to another

                                  • Potential difference = Work V = W
                                    Charge Q
                                  • SI Unit of Potential difference is - Volt (V)
                                  • SI Unit of Work is - Joule (J)
                                  • SI Unit of Charge is - Coulomb (C)
                                  • Voltmeter is an instrument that measures the Potential difference
                                  • Voltmeter is allways connected in parallel to device
                                  Ammmeter & Voltmeter Difference

                                  Ammmeter Voltmeter
                                  It measures current in electric circuit It measures Potential difference between two points
                                  Connected in series with the device Connected in parallel with the device

                                  Numericals based on

                                  • Calculate Current(i) when Charge(Q) in Coulomb, time(t) in min is given
                                  • Calculate Potential difference (v) when Work done(J) & Charge(Q) in Coulomb is given
                                  12-PART-1 
                                    • assets/img/33c57c.png assets/img/33c57c.png assets/img/33c57c.png   Notes
                                    • readme.txt.txt   Video
                                  Conventional symbol used to represent the most commenely used electrical components.



                                  Ohm's Law - Electric current flowing through a metallic wire is directly proptional to potential difference across its end, provided its temperature remains same
                                  • V ∝ I
                                  • V = IR OR   V    = R
                                      I  
                                    where R is proportionality constant called Resistance
                                  • Unit of Resistance is ohm (Ω)
                                  • On the basis of resistance, we classify the substances into

                                    Substances Ex Resistance
                                    Good conductors cu, ag low resistance
                                    Insulators wood very high resistance
                                    Resistor have appreciable resistance
                                  • Rehostat defination - is a device that changes current in a device by chaning the resistance, without affecting the potential difference
                                    ex.Regulator of fan - Changes speed of fan by changing the current entering the fan

                                    • Rehostat is a variable resistance.
                                  12-PART-2 
                                  Factors affecting resistance of conductor

                                  • Length (l) - more the length more the resistance
                                    R ∝ l
                                  • Area of crosss Section (A) or Thickness - more the thickness, less the resistance
                                    R 1
                                    A
                                  • Conbining Length (l) & Area of crosss Section (A)

                                    R l (length)
                                    A
                                    R = p * l (length)
                                    A
                                    p - proportionality constance called resistivity
                                    resistivity depends on temperature & material
                                    • Metails have low resistivity
                                    • Alloys have higher resistivity then metals
                                    • Insulator have very high resistivity
                                    SI unit of resistivity is ohmmeter (Ωm)
                                  • Temperature
                                  • Material - metals like Cu, Ag have low resistance and are good conductors of electricity
                                    wood - is a insulator

                                  Alloy are mixtures of metals or metal & non-metals
                                  Alloys used in heating element is Nichrome ( Allow of Ni, Cr, Mn, Fe)

                                  Give Reasons

                                  • Why are alloys (nichrome) used as heating element
                                  • Why is filament of bulb made of tungston(W)
                                  • In Which wire the current wil flow more easily - Thick wire or thin wire
                                  • Which material are good conductors
                                  • Why are metal wires of Cu or Al used to trnsfer electricity
                                  Numericals based on Ohms law

                                  • Calculate current drawn give voltage and resistance
                                  12-PART-3 
                                  Resistance of a System of resistors - There are two ways of connecting resistors

                                  Registers In Series (end to end)

                                  Propertie of Series curcuit

                                  • Current flowing through each register remains same as that flowing in circuit
                                  • The total potensial difference in the sweries circuit is equal to the sum of the potensial difference across each register
                                  • The total resistance of series circuit is the sum of individual resistance
                                    Rs = R1 + R2 + R3
                                  Limitation of Series curcuit

                                  • If one appliance fuses off the other appliances stop working because the circuit becomes open
                                  Note:- In series the totla resistance will allways be greater then individual resistance

                                  Numericals based on registers connected in Series

                                  • Calculate total resistance give three registers 1Ω ,2Ω & 3Ω are connected in series
                                  Registers In Parallel (between 2 points)

                                  Properties of Parallel curcuit

                                  • The potensial difference across each register will remains same.
                                  • The total current in circuit(I) is equal to the sum of the current flowing in each register
                                    I = I1 + I2 + I3
                                  • The total resistance
                                    1 = 1 1 1
                                    Rp R1 R2 R3
                                  Advantages of Parallel curcuit

                                  • In household circuit, all appliances are connected in parallel. This is because, if one appliance fuses off than other appliance continue to operate
                                  • Appliances drawing different current can be operated in parallel
                                  Note:- Total resistance of the curcuit will be allways less then individual resistance

                                  Numericals based on registers connected in Parallel

                                  • Calculate total resistance give three registers 1Ω ,2Ω & 3Ω are connected in Parallel
                                  Difference between Resistors in Series & Resistors in Parallel

                                  12-PART-4 
                                  Numericals based on registers in combination

                                  • Resistance of resistance in combination ( Both Series & Parallel )
                                  • Draw circuit diagram and calculate Total resistance, Ammeter reading, Voltmeter reading given registers values connected in series/parallel/both , bettery value
                                  • Circuit diagram is given and asked to find the Total resistance, current in each register, Current in circuit
                                  12-PART-5 
                                  Power of appliance - is the rate at which the electic energy is consumed

                                  • P = VI
                                  • SI Unit of Power is Watt(w)/KiloWatt(kw)
                                  Joule\'s law - implies that the heat produced in a resistor is directely proportional to 1) Square of current 2)Resistance 3) Time for which current flows

                                  Heat

                                  • H = Pt     (t in seconds) or
                                  • H = VIt     (as P = VI) and (t in seconds) or
                                  • H = I2Rt      (as V = IR by ohms law) and (t in seconds)
                                  • SI Unit of Hear is Joule(J)
                                  Electric Energy consumed is the product of power of appliance & time

                                  • E = Pt     (t in hour)
                                  • SI Unit of Electric Energy wh(watthour)/ kwh(KiloWatt)
                                  Practical applications of Joule\'s law of heating <

                                  • Electric toaster, Electric geyser, electric kettle are based on Joule\'s law of heating
                                  • In Bulb, electric energy is converted to heat & light
                                  • Fuse is a safty device in circuit which operates on Joule\'s law of heating
                                  • Fuse will protect circuit and appliances from damage when unduly high current flows in circuit
                                  • Fuse is connected in series with appliances & placed before the appliance
                                  12-PART-6 
                                    • readme.txt.txt   Video
                                  Numericals based on Heat Generated

                                  • Find Heat Generated Given Charge in Coulomb & time in hr
                                  • Find Heat Generated Given Resistance in Ω & time in sec
                                  • Find Potential difference Given Heat Produced in Joule & Register in Ω
                                  Numericals based on Power of Appliance

                                  • Find Power Given Potential difference in volt & Current in Ampere
                                  • Find Cost of energy for 30 days Given Power in watt, time in hr, Rs 3 Per unit(kwh)
                                  • Find Power & Elecrtical energy Given Current in Amp, Voltage , Time in hr
                                  12-PART-7 
                                  Numericals (textbook)
                                  12-PART-8 
                                    • readme.txt   Video
                                  Numericals (textbook)
                                  12-X-Formula & SI Units 
                                  12-X-GOOGLE-MEET 
                                    • readme.txt readme1.txt   Video
                                    13-PART-1 
                                      • assets/img/33c57c.png assets/img/33c57c.png assets/img/33c57c.png   Notes
                                      • readme.txt   Video
                                    13-PART-2 
                                    13-PART-3 
                                      13-PART-4 
                                        13-PART-5 
                                          13-PART-6 
                                            13-PART-7 
                                              13-PART-8 
                                                  14-PART-1 
                                                    14-PART-2 
                                                      14-X-DIAGRAMS 
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                                                          1st term science X M.C.Q.--COACHING-CLASSES 
                                                            • assets/img/33c57c.png assets/img/33c57c.png   Notes
                                                          1st term science X M.C.Q.--SCHOOL 
                                                            • assets/img/33c57c.png   Notes
                                                            • assets/img/33c57c.png   Notes
                                                          Term2 Prelim Maths Paper 
                                                            08-08-2021_Coaching-Classes 
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                                                            21-08-2021_Mid-Term-Exam-Paper 
                                                              • assets/img/33c57c.png   Notes
                                                            L Graphic The letter L

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